Tag: character relationships

  • Comedic Enneagram: Character Relationships in Sitcoms

    Comedy is like a caricature of real life. The characters and situations are often extreme, but we still relate. That’s what makes them funny. When using the Enneagram to type characters for comedy, look at the extremes of the spectrum of each type. Especially look at the flaws. We like nothing better than to watch a character’s flaws get him into a ridiculous situation and then see how he tries to get himself out. Just like any other genre, these same flaws should also provide the character with their lovable and redeemable qualities.

    The relationships between these characters should provide multiple plot lines and recurring situations for as many episodes as possible. A great way to do this is to include types that are the Stress and Security types of each other. Usually, we soon recognize which episodes will be good-uns by which characters are in conflict with each other and who’s gotten into trouble this time. We wouldn’t want them to learn from their mistakes or grow too much, and luckily for us, in sitcoms they never really do.

    Here’s my take on the character’s types from some of my favorite sitcoms.

    Gilligan’s Island

    Gilligan – Six w Seven

    The Six with a Seven wing is also called “the Buddy” and in every episode, the Skipper calls Gilligan his “little buddy”. He is loyal and hardworking, but also a great worrier. When he’s faced with a problem, he has trouble trusting his own judgement and instead seeks advice (which is usually conflicting, hence the comedy) from everyone on the island. He’s usually in a phobic cycle, but can also be very brave when he needs to be. All of these things are distinctively Six qualities.

    The Skipper – Eight w Nine

    He considers himself in charge and it doesn’t occur to him that anyone might challenge him. This creates a common conflict when Mr. Howell decides he’s in charge or tries to commandeer Gilligan. The Skipper protects Gilligan from being used by Mr. Howell not especially because it’s nice for Gilligan, but because Gilligan is his to boss around, nobody else’s!

    Thruston Howell – Eight w Seven

    This type and wing combo is sometimes called “the Wheeler-dealer” and it can describe Mr. Howell well. He and the Skipper are great examples of how different Eights can be depending on their wing. The Seven wing gives Mr. Howell his appreciation for fine living, but doesn’t take anything away from his need to be in control of his own situation. He uses money for his muscle and is at a loss when faced with a problem that can’t be solved with it. At the same time, he can join in with the group and proves himself to be just like everybody else.

    Lovey Howell – One w Two

    Because she rarely has problems, it’s difficult to judge her type, but I think One suits her best. She often is concerned with good manners and things being “proper” and is always making sure she’s put together. She is often a logical thinker (“swimming to the mainland simply isn’t practical…”) but doesn’t feel the need to take credit.

    Ginger Grant – Three w Four

    The movie star of the island is a stereotypical Three. She identifies with her career entirely and relies on charm to get what she wants, as Gilligan often finds out the hard way, despite the Skipper’s warnings of what he should do if Ginger was after him for something.

    The Professor – Five w Six

    There really is no other type that would work as well for the Professor. He’s a social Five, a subtype which needs to feel they’ve secured their place with a special skill that everyone else relies on. He’s somewhat withdrawn and completely logical (except sometimes like when he explained the way his lie detector worked).

    Mary Ann Summers – Two w One

    She’s generous, sensitive, always thinking of how to support and help others and can’t stand for any sort of injustice.

    Seinfeld

    Jerry Seinfeld – Nine w One

    He avoids confrontation and conflict and everything evens out for him. He’d rather not draw attention to himself, and uses humor as a shield to protect himself and fit in. He gets a lot from his One wing, like fastidiousness and satisfaction with doing the “right” thing.

    George Costanza – Six w Seven

    Reactive yet never sure of himself and always worrying about potential hazards in the future. Whether he admits it or not, he looks up to Jerry, his security point. He’s concerned with matters of money and saves coupons and receipts until his wallet explodes. He can strategize and has an interest in knowledge from a Five wing, often reading and watching documentaries. He likes the idea of being an achiever, like wanting to pretend to be an architect, but doesn’t actually want to put the work in to make it happen.

    Elaine Benes – Three w Four

    She’s success oriented, seeing herself as an achiever and also attracted to success in others. Her attitude towards Jerry changes quickly when she realizes he’s doing not too badly money-wise. He, however, never felt the need to brag about it, a very Ninish trait.

    Cosmo Kramer – Seven w Eight

    At first I thought, Kramer doesn’t have a type. He’s just Kramer. But the more I considered, the more I realized he’s very Sevenish. He’s a big picture thinker and has all sorts of dreams and plans. He’s always busy working on some scheme and isn’t afraid to make things up as he goes along. His One stress point often comes into play when he berates Jerry for any kind of behavior he considers immoral and he often talks about things as though he were an authority. This sort of type can be very unnerving for a peace-loving Nine.

    Frasier

    Frasier Crane – One w Two

    Always concerned with being moral, ethical and helping others, there’s really no other type for Frasier. Watching him create problems for himself because of these qualities, and dealing with dilemmas is the main source of humor in the series. No matter how hard he tries to let go of his One’s “inner critic” and become more like a Seven, he just can’t do it. Whenever something is going well and he should just enjoy it, he can’t seem to help but ruin it with his nitpicking. Instead he more often ends up going to his stress type, Four, feeling misunderstood and isolated because of his unique suffering.

    Niles Crane – Four w Five

    A definite withdrawn, sensitive and emotional type. Niles often takes on the best qualities of his One security point as well as some of the average traits such as fastidiousness and being critical. Under stress, however, he goes to Two, desperate and willing to do anything to keep from being abandoned. Unlike a One, he’s slow to take action on his desires which is why the series went on for several seasons before he and Daphne got together. Though he seldom admits it, he looks up to his brother, Frasier and strives to achieve the best a One can offer.

    Martin Crane – Eight w Nine

    No other type would struggle with his situation in the same way as an Eight, having lost the control he once had over his life and instead having to become dependent. The first season focuses on this but as the series progresses, other Eight traits come out when he offers no-nonsense advice to solve Fraiser’s problems, who of course doesn’t follow it. He still has his Eight’s potential faults, like being overly controlling of his space and never wanting to be seen as weak.

    Daphne Moon – Two w Three

    In the early seasons she was depicted more like a Four, identifying with her uniqueness and her psychic abilities. But as the series progressed and her character developed, she became much more Twoish, care-taking and doing for others coming naturally, without complaint. At the same time, she can hit her stress point and become assertive when she’s treated unfairly, shocking and humbling everyone when they realize their mistakes.

    Roz Doyle – Three w Four

    She’s career-oriented and wants to be seen as successful and attractive. Like some Threes, especially social variants, she can give off a very Sevenish vibe. This carefree side of her is the contrast she brings to her relationship with Frasier, Seven being the One’s security point. She often tries to encourage him to let loose and have some fun, which is a challenge to him and amusing for us to watch. This goes to show that look-alikes can still carry the same weight in character dynamics as the actual connecting point type.

    This is a work in progress and more details and connections between these characters will be added. These connections are what make the situation comedy. Characters have built-in potential conflict in their relationships that can fuel episode after episode without running dry. Think of things that create internal conflict in each of these characters as well, especially dilemma. This is a type of inner struggle that is amusing to watch and also easy to leave unresolved without ruining audience satisfaction. No matter how many times these characters go through the same conflicts, they just don’t learn!

  • Character Dynamics: Relationships & Conflict Explored Through the Enneagram

    The Enneagram offers insights as to how these types may interact with each other with potential compatibility and conflict. (The Path Between Us is great for such examples, though only covering the range of conflict and emotion that would occur in everyday interactions). The Enneagram Institute also has pages exploring relationships between the various types. Reading about the strengths and pitfalls of these relationships can be great inspiration for scenes and plot throughout the story

    On a story structure level, we also want a deeper connection between characters, not just how they interact with each other in a particular scene, but what they represent to each other over the scope of the entire story. Characters are symbolic of something, and those closest to the protagonist are most important in this way. They will either represent warnings or lessons and are there to teach us and the protagonist something, whether they realize it or not. These teachings and the progress of these relationships will all point to the theme of the story.

    We need to look at both of these levels when defining the types of our cast of characters. The “microscopic” level of day to day character interactions that forward the plot, as well as the “cosmic” scope, the thematic level of of how the characters relate to and revolve around each other. How to these character’s egos interact with each other (chemistry) versus how do these characters relate to each other from deep inside (gravity). Here I’ll be focusing on the large scale scope of overall story structure and how you can look to premise, plot and theme to select the best types for your characters to play out their story.

    Building a Character Map

    (example image of a character map)

    Whether you’ve decided on your character enneatypes already, or you want to explore how they might need to interact with each other first, drawing out a character map can be a great way to brainstorm potential conflict, internal and external, as well as ideas for subplots and theme

    I’ve found that changing around various points on this map can have unexpected effects on the rest of the characters. The protagonist is of course the most important point on this map so make sure that the type you’ve chosen for this character is the best suited to the plot. Other characters’ points can have subtle but important effects on the overall story as they are moved around. Try to find the one arrangement that carries the most weight and provides the most ways possible of viewing the particular conflict and premise of your story.

    Multiple Points of View

    Here, I don’t mean a story with multiple points of view, though that would certainly be a great way to explore this idea, rather I mean ensuring your cast of characters has a wide range of ways of viewing the plot and theme within the story. This can help fully explore the conflict and what is at stake for various types and make it easier for anyone to relate. Here’s a good example from The Hunger Games. Think about Katniss and Peeta’s conversation on the roof the night before entering the arena. They had completely different fears and ideas about what was at stake. Remember the first step of character growth is when your protagonist realizes and believes that that there are ways of seeing the world other than their own

    We don’t need to have nine characters in every story to represent each of the types. This would probably only clutter rather than bring something profound to our story. Instead, two or three important supporting characters from other parts of the Enneagram works best to provide balance and represent the various groups that makes up the Enneagram.

    The three sets of groups of three used to organize the Enneagram.

    The Triads

    These groups each have a different underlying motivating emotion. They are also the most stereotypically unique from each other. Including this variation will bring characters of completely different temper and motivations to your story, helping to show the different ways the plot effects these different characters.

    The Hornevian Groups

    Diversity among these groups is most interesting with characters that are working together as they are defined by their differences in how they pursue a goal. It can add conflict when they disagree and also teach lessons about times and places when the different ways of thinking are most effective. These characters can learn from and draw on each other’s strengths and become incredibly effective when they work together.

    The Harmonic Groups

    These groups all have different ways of reacting to setbacks. Characters that have to struggle through difficulties together will bring their own strengths and weaknesses to the conflict when their types come from these different groups

    Stress and Security

    The moment I saw the arrows on the Enneagram symbol the idea came to me that there might be a pattern of types particularly suited to fueling conflict in each other. I soon learned that this is not what the arrows refer to, rather they show how an individual of a certain type may exhibit qualities of another type during times of security or times of stress. I explored the idea anyway and so far have found that it holds true. If other types can represent our potential strengths or pitfalls, then characters of these types can serve as lessons or warnings to our protagonist and the most important supporting characters usually are the ones that fill these roles.

    I’ve observed that this type of relationship is most important in exploring character growth whereas characters diversified across the other groups more easily stay the same, especially where the compare and contrast between them is used for comedic effect. (There are some sitcoms that are exceptions to this, but in those cases it seemed like the characters’ lack of growth was part of the comedy. “Will they never learn?” we say, shaking our heads. Setting up the potential for growth highlighted the fact that the characters did not achieve it.)

    Frankenstein

    Victor Frankenstein is a One, the perfect type for this premise, as a One fears becoming corrupted or being the cause of evil. The Creature is ironically a Four, a heart type, driven by shame of himself and the intensity of his emotions and suffering which he believes sets him apart from any other creature on earth. And what character could be more obvious a warning to a protagonist than Frankenstein’s Monster? Frankenstein’s best friend, Clerval, is a Seven. He represents the lessons a Seven has to offer a One: Positive outlook and joy of life. These forces pull at Frankenstein’s internal conflict, emotionally tearing him in two. The evil he has created torments him and makes him feel unworthy of the joy of life his friends and family want for him. Every attempt to make him happy only increases the stress on this conflict. He cannot ask for help because he doesn’t wish to burden his friends and family with this horror (possibly he has a Two wing adding to his conflict of wishing to help mankind when he has instead caused injury) and also he fears being shunned as evil if anyone knew what he had done

    Pride and Prejudice

    Elizabeth Bennett is an Eight, a type that will naturally become conflicted in this story as she has very little control over her situation and her future. The control she does have however, she is not afraid or ashamed to seize, such as refusing marriage proposals from men she doesn’t love, even though the union may have been good for her family. Under stress, she becomes like a Five, withdrawn and confiding only in her sister, Jane who gives her strength, being the Eight’s security type. Jane is an obvious Two, thinking always of how she can support and please others and maintain a positive outlook for their sake. Darcy is a Five, withdrawn and private to hide his fears of dealing with people and the world, and his very position in life helps him to continue in this way. At his best he is strong and protective as he is towards his sister. These strengths he sees and admires in Lizzy and they are also the very strengths he needs to drawn on to confront his own internal conflict and protect her and so prove himself and win her heart. Through the external conflict they both achieve their strengths, Darcy letting go of his protective shell of pride and Lizzie letting go of prejudice and becoming unafraid to trust and be generous.

    The Hunger Games (trilogy)

    Katniss Everdeen is an Eight, already conflicted as she has almost no control over her situation in life to start with and absolutely none after she volunteers to take her sister’s place as tribute. Protecting her sister and gaining control over her own life were two instincts central to the Eight that could not coexist in that moment when her sister’s name was drawn. Primrose is a Two and the only person who gives Katniss strength, in a way that she doesn’t even realize. Exercising her security point by caring for Prim is the only thing keeping Katniss from falling into her stress point. Haymitch, who is literally her mentor which usually takes the security point or lesson role instead takes the role of her warning as a Five. At the beginning, Katniss can’t comprehend how anyone could become like Haymitch, but his state is the very pitfall she will have to overcome. Haymitch at his best can be strong and protective like an Eight, something he admires and even envies in Katniss, though she doesn’t realize it. Peeta is another Two, perceptive of the feelings of others and never putting himself first. He is Katniss’s chance to achieve her own Twoness apart from exercising her security point outlet. Like any romance, love interests represent choices about self and choosing him over Gale, also an Eight, represents character growth.

    Opposite & Same Types

    If you know you’ll have a character close to your protagonist but not sure of that character’s type, try seeing what happens if the two characters’ types are complete opposites, across the Enneagram from each other. This can be especially interesting if those characters are forced together in some way or must spend a lot of time solely in each other’s company. There can also be interesting similarities in opposites that share the same Hornevian group that can add to potential conflict.

    Harry Potter

    Across the Enneagram from Nine are the other two Withdrawn types, Four and Five. In this way, Snape is a great conflict character for Harry. Snape is a Five with a Four wing (I’ve seen him typed with a Six wing but I disagree). When Harry is forced to have Occlumency lessons with Snape, the perfect conflict is created between the two of them that plays into both of their fears. Even without the Enneagram we can appreciate this conflict, but looking more closely at their types brings even more to light. Being withdrawn types, neither of them want their thoughts invaded, particularly by someone they dislike or distrust. Snape protected himself by setting his thoughts in the pensive but Harry had no such protection.

    Don’t be afraid of doubling up on the same type. This can be particularly useful if two friends fall apart or two characters go down opposite paths in the same conflict.

    Creating Your Own Character Map

    No matter what types you choose for your characters, you will be able to find some connections between them that add depth and complexity to the story. Draw maps of your characters relationships to explore and emphasis this potential that you might otherwise have overlooked. The more weight that can be carried by less characters the better. See where you might double up on benefits two characters bring to the story by combining them into a new type.

    Compare your character map to the maps of other stories where the characters share the same types. How is your protagonist like and unlike protagonist of the same type? How are the differences brought to light by the differences in the supporting characters, either their types or the roles they play? You might learn more about the story you’re telling by asking yourself how it is different from other similar stories rather than how is it the same. Elizabeth and Katniss are very different characters, though they and their supporting characters share the same types.

    Eights, Ones and the Triangle types (Nines, Sixes and Threes) can be particularly effective and popular characters not just because they are interesting to watch, but because two supporting characters taking the roles of their stress and security types will also naturally be representing the other two Triads, Hornevian and Harmonic groups. A lot of differences in ways of thinking, acting and handling setbacks, all relating back to the protagonist, carried just by two characters. That can be very powerful.

    A Note On Wings…

    Wings can also play a role in what a character has to teach the protagonist. Just because the wing is not the character’s base type and doesn’t drive them at their core, doesn’t mean that it cannot emphasis a lesson to the protagonist.

    It’s not about forcing the characters to follow a certain formula or take their places in a set equation, its about seeing the potential for theme and conflict between the characters and using those ties to emphasize important points in the story. These are things that subconsciously might lead you to choose certain types of characters to populate your story, but unless you’re more aware of it, you might not take full advantage of these opportunities for deeper meaning.

  • Developing The Protagonist-Antagonist Relationship

    Every story’s plot comes down to the relationship between the protagonist and the antagonist. These two characters make the story, so whatever is tying them together in conflict has to be strong for both of them. The two must be marked by each other in some way. Even before the protagonist takes any action against the antagonist, no other character involved in the conflict could possibly take the lead role. He has already been singled out. The same goes for the antagonist. No other force could possibly undo the protagonist in the same way as the antagonist can.

    Don’t leave this task to the external conflict alone. Logical reasons explaining why each character can’t turn away are vital. However, the plot can only be emotional if something in the internal conflict compels them to battle. The best way to do this is to give both characters something in common.

    Already, your protagonist and antagonist probably have one thing in common. They must be in conflict over the Want, or there is no story. Either they are both after the same thing, or one wants something that the other cannot allow. Even so, the relationship can never be more than Hero vs Villain unless they share more points of internal conflict. The protagonist and antagonist must be tailored to suit each other. This will make each of them the particular opponent for the other, each the only one that is truly dangerous to the other.

    Shared Points of Internal Conflict

    There is nothing more deeply disturbing to the protagonist than to recognize something of the enemy in himself. Not only does he then questions his motives and actions, but a possible “wrong path” comes to light showing what he could become.

    Explore these possible connections between protagonist and antagonist through the points of the Internal Conflict Triangle.

    Wound

    Shared traumatic backstory is the strongest tie between protagonist and antagonist. Voldemort killed Harry’s parents. The Emperor turned Luke’s father into Darth Vader. Katniss’s father was killed because of the way of life inflicted by President Snow. Most Man Vs. Nature stories start out with a prologue showing the protagonist loosing a loved one to the type of natural disaster they become obsessed with. Every time the protagonist faces the antagonist, not only is there the threat of physical danger, but the reopening this past Wound.

    Fear

    Before the protagonist realizes the weakness of his own Fear, it is often discovered and exploited first by the antagonist. It takes the protagonist longer yet to discover the same weakness in the antagonist, and having the same fear himself can make it harder for him to use it.

    Don’t forget that the antagonist has an internal conflict as well. Understanding it is the best way, for your protagonist and for you as the writer, to find out his weaknesses.

    Lie

    A protagonist that shares a Lie with the antagonist is in greatest danger of going down the wrong path. He will be his own worst enemy, and unless he recognizes this Lie for what it is, he can never have a happy ending. The antagonist may be the one to bring this shared Lie to light, using it to shake up the protagonist in telling him that they are not so unalike as he would like to think. This sort of event can easily lead to the Midpoint and a “mirror moment” (as taught by James Scott Bell) where the protagonist reevaluates where he stands in his internal conflict.

    Flaw

    The protagonist may be most blind to this kind of similarity with the antagonist, though it will likely be what he hates the most about him. It might take the intervention of another character, a friend or mentor, to make him see this. (Well suited to the “ally attacks” plot point employed by Libby Hawker.)

    Want

    As I’ve mentioned above, this connection will always be present as it is the strongest link between the internal and external conflicts. Why the characters are after this goal is explained mostly by the Wound and Fear points of internal conflict, the Motivation corner of the Triangle.

    Need

    The antagonist is potentially the best teacher for the protagonist if they share this connection. By learning about the antagonist, he can learn about himself and see what’s really important and what he needs to do to overcome the same obstacles that were the downfall of the antagonist. At the same time, struggling through his own internal conflict may shed light on solutions in the external conflict in how to best defeat the antagonist.

    Bring in the External Conflict

    The protagonist’s inner journey is triggered by the introduction of the antagonist and the external conflict. The struggles of overcoming both of these conflicts, the places where they intersect, will form the central conflict. Each time the stakes are raised, there will be an additional push of stress on both. The protagonist’s usual way of dealing with problems won’t work against the antagonist. These methods were probably effective in the past, which is why they became entrenched, but when faced with the antagonist, they become a vulnerability. Only through the inner journey can they be reformed and brought to the external conflict as a strength.

    The antagonist is not just the story’s bad guy, he is the protagonist’s bad guy. If the antagonist does not strike a nerve in the protagonist, they are not well matched and there is no central conflict. This is why an antagonist must suit the protagonist; just any scary villain won’t do. Their connection must be personal. This will make the effects of the protagonist’s Wound deadly. He must reopen and heal his Wound if he is to survive the conflict with the antagonist, but at the same time, perhaps nothing less could have brought him to do this.

    However you choose to develop your characters, they have to fit your story and they have to fit together. No two characters are more important in this way than the protagonist and the antagonist. These two characters are more alike than you think, certainly more alike than they would care to admit.